Section 1. Properties of Optical Systems
Section 2. Fabrication of Optical Surfaces
Section 3. Non-Interferometric Testing
Section 4. Basic Interferometry and Optical Testing
1. Properties of Optical Systems
1.1. Optical Properties of a Single Spherical Surface (Brief Review) Notes
1.1.1. Refractive Surface: Radius, Curvature, Focal Length and Power
1.1.2. Reflective Surface: Focal Length and Power
1.1.3. Gaussian Imaging Equation
1.1.4. Newton’s Equation
1.2. Aperture and Field Stops (Brief Review) Notes Slides
1.2.1. Aperture Stop Definition
1.2.2. Marginal Ray
1.2.3. Chief Ray
1.2.4. Vignetting
1.2.5. Field Stop Definition
1.2.5.1. Image Sensor as Field Stop
1.2.5.1.1. Standard CCD/CMOS sensor dimensions Table
1.3. First Order Properties of an Optical System (Brief Review) Notes Slides
1.3.1. Gaussian Reduction (Conceptually)
1.3.2. ynu raytrace Doublet example in Excel Spreadsheet
1.3.3. Cardinal Points
1.3.4. Entrance and Exit Pupils
1.3.5. Extension of Gaussian Imaging to Thick Systems
1.3.6. Transverse and Longitudinal Magnification
1.3.7. Lagrange invariant, Etendue, Throughput, AΩ Product
1.3.8. F-Number, Working F-Number and Numerical Aperture
1.3.9. Depth of Field
1.3.10. Field of View
1.3.11. Front and Back Focal Distances
1.3.11.1. Standard Flange distances for cameras
1.4. Measurement of First Order Properties of Optical Systems Notes
1.4.1. Measurements based on Gaussian Imaging Equation
1.4.2. Autocollimation Technique
1.4.3. Neutralization Test
1.4.4. Focimeter
1.4.5. Focal Collimator
1.4.6. Reciprocal Magnification
1.4.7. Nodal-Slide Lens Bench
1.5. Diffraction and Aberrations Notes Slides
1.5.1. Black Box Optical System based on Cardinal Points and Pupils.
1.5.2. Wavefront Picture of Optical Imaging
1.5.3. Diffraction-Limited Systems and Connection to Fresnel Diffraction
1.5.4. Point Spread Function (PSF) calculation and dimensions
1.5.5. Sign and Coordinate System Conventions
1.5.6. Optical Path Length (OPL), Optical Path Difference (OPD), Wavefront Error
1.5.7. Transverse Ray Error and Spot Diagrams
1.5.8. Aberrations of Rotationally Symmetric Optical Systems
1.5.8.1. Piston,Tilt and Defocus
1.5.8.2. Seidel Aberrations
1.5.9. Aberrations of General Optical Systems
1.5.9.1. Examples of non-rotationally symmetric systems
1.5.9.2. Generalization of Seidel Aberrations to on-axis case
1.5.9.3. Zernike polynomials (Table of Zernike polynomials up to 6th Order)
1.5.9.3.1. Different variations found in literature
1.5.9.3.2. Normalization, Radial Polynomials, Azimuthal components
1.5.9.3.3. Examples of different orders of Zernike polynomials
1.5.9.3.4. Representation of complex wavefront as linear combination
1.5.9.3.5. Coordinate system conversions
1.5.9.3.6. Pupil Size Conversion
1.5.9.3.7. Fitting wavefront error to Zernike polynomials
1.5.10. Through-Focus PSF and Star Test
1.5.10.1. Diffraction Limited Case (Defocus)
1.5.10.2. Seidel Spherical Aberration
1.5.10.3. Zernike Spherical Aberration
1.5.10.4. Astigmatism
1.5.10.5. Coma
1.5.11. Measurement of Distortion
1.5.11.1. Conventional case
1.5.11.2. Special Cases anamorphic, fθ lens. Scheimpflug
1.6. Optical Quality Metrics Notes Slides
1.6.1. Resolution Targets
1.6.1.1. Rayleigh Criterion
1.6.2. Strehl Ratio
1.6.3. Peak-to-Valley, Wavefront Variance and RMS Wavefront Error
1.6.3.1. Relationship to Zernike Coefficients
1.6.3.2. Relationship to Strehl Ratio
1.6.4. Encircled and Ensquared Energy
1.6.5. Optical Transfer Function (OTF)
1.6.5.1. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
1.6.5.2. Phase Transfer Function (PTF)
1.6.5.3. Fourier Transform relationship to PSF
1.6.5.4. Autocorrelation of Pupil Function
1.6.5.5. Line Spread Function
1.6.5.6. Siemens Star
1.7. Aspheric Surfaces Notes
1.7.1. Conics
1.7.2. Quadrics
1.7.3. Higher Order Aspheres
1.7.4. Torics and Biconics
1.7.5. Cylinders
2. Fabrication of Optical Surfaces Notes
2.1. Optical Materials
2.1.1. Glass and Plastics
2.1.2. Dispersion Formulas
2.1.3. Infrared and Ultraviolet Materials
2.2. Grinding and Polishing Flats, Windows and Prisms
2.3. Grinding and Polishing Spherical Surfaces
2.4. Grinding and Polishing Aspheric Surfaces
2.5. Diamond Turning and Fast Tool Servo
2.6. Magnetorheological Finishing
3. Non-interferometric Testing Notes Slides
3.1. Surface Radius of Curvature
3.1.1. Geneva Gauge
3.1.2. Spherometer
3.2. Wavefronts
3.2.1. Foucault Knife Edge Test
3.2.2. Wire Test
3.2.3. Ronchi Test
3.2.4. Hartmann Screen Test
3.2.5. Shack-Hartmann Sensor
3.2.5.1. Fitting Shack-Hartmann Data to Zernike polynomials
3.2.6. Moire Deflectometry
4. Basic Interferometry and Optical Testing Notes Slides
4.1. Review of Two Beam Interference
4.1.1. Plane waves
4.1.2. Spherical waves
4.1.3. General wavefront shapes
4.1.4. Visibility
4.1.5. Coherence and Polarization
4.2. Newton’s Rings Video (70.9 MB)
4.2.1. Patterns
4.2.2. Determining convexity
4.2.3. Test Plates
4.3. Fizeau Interferometer
4.3.1. Classical Fizeau
4.3.2. Configurations for Flats, Concave and Convex Surfaces
4.3.3. Laser Fizeau
4.4. Twyman-Green Interferometer
4.4.1. Common Configurations
4.5. Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
4.5.1. Common Configurations
4.5.2. Single Pass
4.6. Lateral Shearing Interferometers Video 73.6 MB
4.6.1. Common Configurations
4.6.2. Derivatives of wavefronts
4.7. Interferograms
4.7.1. Seidel Aberrations
4.8. Phase-Shifting Interferometry
4.8.1. Phase Shifters
4.8.2. Algorithms
4.8.3. Phase unwrapping
4.8.4. Calibration and errors
4.9. Testing Aspheric Surfaces
4.9.1. Computer Generated Holograms
5. Optical Specification Slides
5.1. ISO 1101 Standard
5.2. ISO 10110 Standard
5.2.1. General
5.2.2. Stress Birefringence
5.2.3. Bubbles and Inclusions
5.2.4. Homogeneity
5.2.5. Surface Form Errors
5.2.6. Centering
5.2.7. Surface Imperfections
5.2.8. Texture
5.2.9. Surface Treatment and Coatings
5.2.10. Tables for Elements and Assemblies
5.2.11. Non-toleranced Data
5.2.12. Aspheric Surfaces
5.2.13. Wavefront Deformation
5.2.14. Laser Damage Threshold
Grinding and Polishing Spherical Lenses
Diamond Turning Optical Surfaces
Diamond Turning with Fast Tool Servo
Ronchi and Knife Edge Test
Water Waves
